Leukemia

LEUKEMIA=Cancer that start in blood-forming tissues such the bone marrow and cause large number of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood stream.

>LEUKEMIA comes from the Greek word LEUKO means white
AIM means blood.

TYPES OF LEUKEMIA

■ACUTE=which is rapidly progressing disease that result in the accumulation of immature,useless cell in the marrow and blood.

■CHRONIC=Progress more slowly and allow more mature,useful cell to be made.
note: Acute leukemia crowds out the good cell more quickly than chronic leukemia.

TYPES OF AFFECTED BLOOD CELL;

●LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
>if the cancerous transformation occur in the type of marrow that makes lymphocytes.

●MYELOGENEOUS LEUKEMIA
>if the cancerous change occur in the type of marrow cell that go on to produce Red blood cell other types of white cells and platelets.

TYPES OF LEUKEMIA

■ACUTE LYMPHOBASTIC (LYMPHOCYCTIC)LEUKEMIA (ALL)
>abnormal growth if lymphocyte precursor(lymphoblast)
>most common types of leukemia among young children, although adult get it as well.
Following are the subtypes of leukemia.
*PRECURSOR B ACUTE LYMPHOBASTIC LEUKEMIA
*PRECURSOR T ACUTE LYMPHOBASTIC LEUKEMIA.
BURKITTS LEUKEMIA.
Tx;

●SYSTEMIC CHEMOTHERAPHY/ DRUGS;
>vincristine
>prednisone
>high dose cytarabine
>L-asparaginase
>AMSA
>daunorubicin
>intrathecal methotrexate or cytarabine

●RADIATION THERAPHY
>testicular infiltration

■CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CLL)
>Progressive disease that common in elderly.
>controllable spread of abnormal,small,blood and bone marrow.
>most are men and adult age 50 above.
>hardly affect children
>incurable
>aggressive form of CLL is the B cell prolymphocyte leukemia.

CAUSES;
*UNKNOWN
*SUSPECTED CAUSES.;
>hereditary factor
>still undefined chromosome abnormalities.
>immunologic defect.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS;
*EARLY STAGES;
>Fatigue
>malais
>fever

*ADVANCE STAGE.;
>severe fatigue
>Weight loss
>Liver and spleen enlargement
>bone tenderness
>Edema for lymph node obstruction.
>anemia
>pallor
>weakness dyspnea
>tachycardia
>palpitation
>bleeding and infection.
Tx;

●SYSTEMIC CHEMOTHERAPHY
>Alkylating agents
>chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide
>steroids(prednisone)=when autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia.

●RADIATION TREATMENT= to removed organ cell.

■ACUTE MYELOGENEOUS LEUKEMIA (AML)
>common among adult than children.
>affect male than female.

FOLLOWING ARE SUBTYPES OF ACUTE MYELOGENEOUS LEUKEMIA(AML)
>ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC
>ACUTE MEGAKARVOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA.

CAUSES.,

*combinations of viruses ( viral remmant have been found in leukemia cell)
*genetic
*immunologic factor
*exposure of radiation
*certain chemical.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS;

*Sudden onset high fever
*accompanied by thrombocytopenia
*abnormal bleeding nose bleed,gingival bleeding,purpura,ecchymoses,petechiae
*easily bruising
*prolong menses
*pallor
*dyspnea
*anemia
*Fatigue
*malaise
*tachycardia
*palpitation
Tx;
* combinations of IV claunorubin and cytarabine
*combination of >cyclophosphamide
>Vincristine
>prednisone
>high dose cytarabine
>etepisode
>mitoxantrone

■CHRONIC MYELOGENEOUS LEUKEMIA(CML)
>characterised ny the abnormal overgrowth of granulocyte
>most common in young and middle-aged

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS;

*anemia
*weakness
*fatigue
*decrease exercises tolerance
*pallor
*dyspnea
*tachycardia
*headache
*thrombocytopenia= decrease number of platelets.
*retinal hemorrhage
*nose bleed
*ecchymoses
*hemanal hemorrhage
*melena
*hepatosplenomegaly known as (HSM)= Enlargement of both liver.

DIAGNOSIS;

*White blood cell abnormalities
*hemoglobin often below 10g/dl
*hematocrit low (less than 30%)
*platelets count:thrombocytosis (more than 1 million/ul)
*serum uric acid level greater than 8mg/dl
*bone marrow aspirate or biospy
*computed tomography scan CT
Tx:
*aggressive chemotherapy
*oral agent.
>aspirin to prevent strokes
>busulfan
>hydroxyurea
*local splenic radiation
*leukapheresis
*allopurinol