Breast Cancer

BREAST CANCER

>which is characterized by the growth of malignant tumors in the glandular tissues on the breast.
CAUSES;

HIGH RISK
*have long menstrual cycle. Began menses early or menopause late.
*family history of breast cancer
*have never been pregnant
*have had unilateral breast cancer
*were expose to low-level ionizing radiation.
*estrogen therapy
*high -fat diet
*obesit
*Fibro cystic disease of the breast
*have had endometrial or ovarian cancer

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
>Breast cancer occur more often in the right and often in the upper outer quadrant.

Leukemia

LEUKEMIA=Cancer that start in blood-forming tissues such the bone marrow and cause large number of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood stream.

>LEUKEMIA comes from the Greek word LEUKO means white
AIM means blood.

TYPES OF LEUKEMIA

■ACUTE=which is rapidly progressing disease that result in the accumulation of immature,useless cell in the marrow and blood.

■CHRONIC=Progress more slowly and allow more mature,useful cell to be made.
note: Acute leukemia crowds out the good cell more quickly than chronic leukemia.

TYPES OF AFFECTED BLOOD CELL;

●LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
>if the cancerous transformation occur in the type of marrow that makes lymphocytes.

●MYELOGENEOUS LEUKEMIA
>if the cancerous change occur in the type of marrow cell that go on to produce Red blood cell other types of white cells and platelets.

TYPES OF LEUKEMIA

■ACUTE LYMPHOBASTIC (LYMPHOCYCTIC)LEUKEMIA (ALL)
>abnormal growth if lymphocyte precursor(lymphoblast)
>most common types of leukemia among young children, although adult get it as well.
Following are the subtypes of leukemia.
*PRECURSOR B ACUTE LYMPHOBASTIC LEUKEMIA
*PRECURSOR T ACUTE LYMPHOBASTIC LEUKEMIA.
BURKITTS LEUKEMIA.
Tx;

Kidney Stones

KIDNEY STONES

>Kidney stones is hard, Crystalline mineral material formed within the kidney or urinary tract.
>known as Renal calculi.


WORDS TO REMEMBER
NEPHROLITHIASIS the presence of kidney stones (calculi) in the kidney.
UROLITHIASIS the disease condition resulting from formation of calculi in the urinary tract.
URETERO LITHIASIS for a presence of a calculus or calculi in one or both ureter.

CAUSES




Predisposing factors;

●DEHYDRATION Resultant decreased urine production concentrates calculus-forming substances.

●INFECTION
>In tissue provide a site for calculus development.
>Ph changes provide a favorable medium for calculus formation ( especially for magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi )
>may promote destruction of renal parenchyma.

Lung Cancer

LUNG CANCER;

>cancer that form in the tissues of the lung, usually in the cell lining air passage.
>develop within the wall or epithelium of the bronchial tree.

☆LUNGS☆

>refer to the two spongy organ in your chest that inhale oxygen and exhale or release carbon dioxide.

CAUSES OF LUNG CANCER;

Inhalation of carcinogenic pollutants by susceptible host.
Question; who is most susceptible?
Answer;smoker
*smoking is one cause of having lungs cancer.
*exposure to carcinogenic industrial.
*air pollutants such as;
>asbestos
>uranium
>nickel
>iron oxides
>chromium
>arsenic
>radioactive dust
>Coal dust

Anatomy and Physiology of Heart

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HEART;

POSTERIOR AND ANTERIOR VIEW!

DEFINITION:

HEART is hollow muscular organ that pump the blood through the circulatory system of rhythmic contraction and dilation.

PHYSIOLOGY;

As the heart beats or contract, the blood makes continuous round trip..in and out of the heart through the rest of the body, and then back to the heart..only to be sent out again..
>the amount of work that a heart does is almost too incredible to believe.
>In one day it pushes the body's supply of 6 quarts or so of blood through the blood vessels over 1000 times, meaning that it actually pump about 6000 quarts of blood in a single day.

●MAIN PARTS OF HEART ON ANTERIOR VIEWS;

(1) AORTA =the major systemic artery arises from the left ventricle.
>The largest artery in the body.
>Aorta begin at the top of the left ventricle, the heart's muscular pumping chamber.
>The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve.
>Three leaflets on the aortic valve open and close with each heartbeat to allow one way flood of the blood.

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